![]() In 1792, the declaration of war issued on April 20 raised the question of women’s participation in the defence of the endangered homeland. ![]() A space of political militancy, they also carried out social missions in the face of rising unemployment and organized the first public collective workshops. Associations and clubs, which generally tolerated women only as listeners (Jacobin clubs), were created, while some women’s clubs also formed. This action resulted in women either being celebrated as heroines or shouted down. While women from working-class backgrounds admittedly took part in the storming of the Bastille, they alone were behind the march on Versailles of October 5-6, 1789 to demand bread, which led to the king’s return to Paris. Revolutions offered men and women of all social positions new forms of political expression and contestation. At the same time in the Austrian Netherlands, Jeanne de Bellem (1734-1793), a protagonist of the Brabant Revolution who was being hunted down, wrote and distributed pamphlets that were hostile to the emperor. The following year, in September 1791, Olympe de Gouges drafted her Déclaration des droits de la femme et de la citoyenne, which was based on the model of the Déclaration des droits de l’homme et du citoyen, and in which she called for full social and political equality. For all that, Nicolas de Condorcet (1743-1794) demanded that women be granted citizenship rights in 1790. While women obtained new civil rights (inheritance, divorce), the status of citizen was reserved only for adult French men. The French Revolution: a revolution for women?įrom the beginning of the revolution, the interpretation of the Déclaration des droits de l'homme et du citoyen of Augemphasized the exclusion of women from this new principle of equality and liberty. While revolutionary militancy reinforced the male gender, uncountable legal discriminations that had persisted for women were abolished after revolutions of the twentieth century. The revolutions of the nineteenth century challenged these inequalities. ![]() The gender order that emerged in the late eighteenth century defined male and female roles by linking them to specific spaces of action: women were excluded from institutionalized politics, the sciences, and the army, while a family law inscribed within civil codes made them subordinate to men. They left a deep imprint on nineteenth-century European history and marked the birth of bourgeois modernity as well as its conceptions of the gender order. All revolutions since the French Revolution in 1789 have been events in which gender relations have been negotiated and sometimes redefined. The concept of revolution refers to periods of socio-political transformation brought about (or simply initiated) by militant action and centred on the paradigm of equality and liberty.
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